Manganese
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Roy Chacón
LLB, Chief Operations Officer
Contact Us
Roy Chacón
LLB, Chief Operations Officer
Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear. Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent; as a rubber additive; and in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide.
Manganese is a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse, but easy to oxidize. Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic. Manganese tarnishes slowly in air and oxidizes (“rusts”) like iron in water containing dissolved oxygen. Naturally occurring manganese is composed of one stable isotope, 55Mn. Several radioisotopes have been isolated and described, ranging in atomic weight from 46 u (46Mn) to 72 u (72Mn).
Beta manganese (β-Mn) forms when heated above the transition temperature of 973 K (700 °C; 1,290 °F). It has a primitive cubic structure with 20 atoms per unit cell at two types of sites, which is as complex as that of any other elemental metal.
Gamma manganese (γ-Mn) forms when heated above 1,370 K (1,100 °C; 2,010 °F). It has a simple face-centered cubic structure.
Delta manganese (δ-Mn) forms when heated above 1,406 K (1,130 °C; 2,070 °F) and is stable up to the manganese melting point of 1,519 K (1,250 °C; 2,270 °F). It has a body-centered cubic structure (two atoms per cubic unit cell).
Chemical Compounds
Organomanganese Compounds
Manganese Properties
Manganese is a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse, but easy to oxidize. Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic. Manganese tarnishes slowly in air and oxidizes (“rusts”) like iron in water containing dissolved oxygen.
Parameter
Phase At STP
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Density, (near r.t.)
When Liquid (at m.p.)
Heat Of Fusion
Heat Of Vaporization
Molar Heat Capacity
Oxidation States
Electronegativity
Ionization Energies
Atomic Radius
Covalent Radius
Typical analysis (%)
Solid
1519 K (1246 °C, 2275 °F)
2334 K (2061 °C, 3742 °F)
7.21 g/cm3
5.95 g/cm3
12.91 kJ/mol
221 kJ/mol
26.32 J/(mol·K)
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide)
Pauling scale: 1.55
1st: 717.3 kJ/mol
2nd: 1509.0 kJ/mol
3rd: 3248 kJ/mol
Empirical: 127 pm
Low Spin: 139±5 pm
High Spin: 161±8 pm
