The global LPG market is projected to register a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of over 5% during the forecast period. Despite the negative impact of COVID-19 in 2020, the market has bounced back to pre-pandemic levels. The increasing consumption of LPG, driven by government initiatives to promote cleaner fuel, is expected to propel the market. However, challenges in LPG storage and non-continuous supply may hinder market growth.
The LPG market is segmented by the source of production (crude oil and natural gas liquids) and applications (residential, commercial & industrial, auto fuels, and others). The global LPG market size was valued at USD 128.48 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow to USD 211.96 billion in 2028, exhibiting a CAGR of 7.3% during the forecast period.
LPG, also known as propane, is a clean-burning fossil fuel that can be used in internal combustion engines. It is used as a fuel gas in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. LPG is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons to reduce damage to the ozone layer.
LPG is prepared by refining petroleum or “wet” natural gas and is almost entirely derived from fossil fuel sources. It has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg, compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol.
The long-term outlook for LPG is brighter than that of other fossil fuels due to its comparatively lower cost and lower emissions from production and combustion. The increasing demand for LPG by the growing population and the focus on emission control are expected to create enormous opportunities for the LPG market.
However, the future of LPG is not without challenges. The oil market today is grappling with huge near-term and long-term uncertainties. The transition towards cleaner energy sources, government initiatives, and the versatility of LPG are driving market growth.
LPG Overview: Understanding Its Composition and Uses
Liquid Petroleum Gas, or LPG, is a fuel gas that consists mainly of propane and butane, two hydrocarbon gases that can be compressed into liquid form. LPG is also known as LP gas, liquefied petroleum gas, or autogas when used as a vehicle fuel. LPG is widely used in various applications, such as heating, cooking, refrigeration, power generation, and industrial processes. LPG is also a cleaner-burning fuel than gasoline, diesel, or coal, as it produces less carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter when combusted. In this article, we will explore LPG’s properties, extraction methods, and its diverse uses in different sectors, highlighting its role as a cleaner and more efficient alternative to traditional fossil fuels.
Properties of LPG
LPG is a colorless and odorless gas at normal temperature and pressure, but it can be easily liquefied by applying moderate pressure or reducing the temperature. LPG has a high calorific value, meaning it can produce a lot of heat and energy when burned. LPG also has a low boiling point, which means it can vaporize quickly and be used as a gas. LPG is heavier than air, so it tends to sink and accumulate in low-lying areas, posing a risk of fire or explosion if not handled properly. LPG is also highly flammable and explosive, so it requires careful storage and transportation. To make LPG safer and easier to detect, an odorant, such as ethanethiol, is usually added to give it a distinctive smell.
Extraction of LPG
LPG is derived from two main sources: natural gas processing and crude oil refining. Natural gas processing involves separating the natural gas from the associated liquids, such as ethane, propane, butane, and pentane. These liquids are collectively known as natural gas liquids (NGLs), and they account for about 60% of the global LPG supply. Crude oil refining involves distilling the crude oil into various fractions, such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and naphtha. Some of these fractions, such as naphtha, contain propane and butane, which are extracted and purified to produce LPG. Crude oil refining accounts for about 40% of the global LPG supply.
Uses of LPG
LPG has a wide range of uses in various sectors, such as residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and transportation. Some of the most common uses of LPG are:
- Heating and Cooking: LPG is used as a fuel for heating and cooking in many households and businesses, especially in rural areas where natural gas pipelines are not available. LPG is stored in cylinders or tanks and delivered by trucks or pipelines. LPG is also used for water heating, space heating, and air conditioning. LPG is preferred over other fuels, such as wood, coal, or kerosene, because it is cleaner, more convenient, and more efficient. According to the World LPG Association, LPG can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 50% compared to traditional fuels, and can also improve indoor air quality and health.
- Refrigeration: LPG is used as a refrigerant in some appliances, such as refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioners. LPG is an environmentally friendly refrigerant, as it has zero ozone depletion potential and very low global warming potential. LPG is also cheaper and more energy-efficient than other refrigerants, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
- Power Generation: LPG is used as a fuel for power generation in some regions, especially in remote areas where electricity grids are not reliable or accessible. LPG can be used to power generators, turbines, or engines that produce electricity. LPG is also used as a backup or emergency power source in case of power outages or natural disasters. LPG is a cleaner and more efficient fuel than diesel or gasoline, as it produces less emissions and noise.
- Industrial Processes: LPG is used as a fuel or feedstock for various industrial processes, such as metal cutting, welding, soldering, brazing, glass blowing, ceramics, and textiles. LPG is also used as a raw material for producing petrochemicals, such as ethylene, propylene, butadiene, and isobutane. These petrochemicals are then used to make plastics, rubber, synthetic fibers, and other products. LPG is a cheaper and more versatile feedstock than naphtha or gas oil, as it can be easily cracked or polymerized.
- Transportation: LPG is used as a fuel for vehicles, such as cars, buses, trucks, taxis, motorcycles, and forklifts. LPG is also known as autogas when used as a vehicle fuel. LPG is stored in pressurized tanks and injected into the engine’s combustion chamber. LPG can be used in dedicated LPG engines or in dual-fuel engines that can run on both LPG and gasoline. LPG is a cleaner and more economical fuel than gasoline or diesel, as it produces less emissions, improves engine performance, and reduces maintenance costs. According to the World LPG Association, LPG can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by up to 15%, nitrogen oxide emissions by up to 80%, and particulate matter emissions by up to 95% compared to gasoline or diesel.
Market Dynamics: The Growing Demand for LPG and its Supply Chain
The global demand for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) has been on a steady rise. As per a report by Fortune Business Insights, the global LPG market size was valued at USD 128.48 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow to USD 211.96 billion in 2028, exhibiting a CAGR of 7.3% during the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by expanding residential and commercial applications, the transition towards cleaner energy sources, government initiatives, and the versatility of LPG.
- Residential and Commercial Use: LPG is commonly used in households for cooking and heating purposes. Its high energy content, clean-burning properties, and portability make it an ideal choice for these applications.
- Automotive Fuel: LPG is also used as an automotive fuel in many countries due to its lower cost and lower emissions compared to gasoline and diesel.
- Industrial Use: Industries use LPG as a fuel for various processes, including steam generation and metal cutting.
The supply chain logistics of LPG involve several stages, including extraction, refining, storage, transportation, and distribution. The logistics and transportation of LPG present unique challenges due to its highly flammable nature and the need for specialized infrastructure and equipment.
Geopolitical factors also significantly impact the availability and pricing of LPG. For instance, geopolitical tensions can lead to disruptions in supply, causing price volatility. A shock in geopolitical risk can significantly increase the cost of spot charter rates for both LNG and LPG carriers.
Recent news indicates that the Union Cabinet has approved a reduction of Rs 200 per cylinder in the price of LPG for all consumers. This decision also applies to beneficiaries of the Ujjwala scheme, increasing their subsidy to Rs 400 per cylinder.
LPG as an Automotive Fuel:
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), commonly known as Autogas when used in vehicles, is a clean-burning alternative to traditional fuels like gasoline and diesel. This eco-friendly fuel is gaining traction globally due to its lower emissions and cost-effectiveness. However, the adoption of Autogas faces several challenges, including policy constraints and market acceptance.
The technology behind Autogas has seen significant advancements, leading to more efficient and cost-effective vehicles. The emergence of Autogas-electric hybrids and new engine technologies ensures that Autogas is ready for the future. Moreover, many internal combustion engine vehicles can be converted to run on Autogas with relatively straightforward modifications.
Despite the benefits, the adoption of Autogas faces several challenges. One of the primary obstacles is the alignment within the industry and how the benefits of Autogas are communicated to fleets, regulatory bodies, and media. Additionally, policy constraints, such as high federal excise tax imposed on Autogas in some countries, limit its adoption.
Several countries are incentivizing the use of Autogas to reduce urban air pollution. For instance, countries like Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, China, and the Czech Republic have implemented policies to promote the transition to Autogas. These policies aim to reduce emissions from road transport and improve air quality.
Autogas combustion generally produces lower levels of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are harmful pollutants that contribute to smog, respiratory issues, and environmental damage. They emit 98% less NOx than diesel cars and 90% less PM than gasoline cars in real driving conditions. As a result, the use of Autogas can significantly contribute to reducing urban air pollution.
Innovations and Expanding Applications of LPG
The Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) industry is witnessing a significant transformation driven by innovations and advancements in technology. The development of bioLPG, an alternative biofuel, is one of the most promising areas in this sector. BioLPG, also known as renewable propane or biopropane, is produced from renewable feedstocks such as plant and vegetable waste material. It reduces CO2 emissions by up to 80%, making it an ideal energy solution for those wishing to reduce their carbon footprint.
BioLPG is chemically identical to conventional LPG, allowing it to be used in identical applications and blended with fossil-based fuel in hybrid solutions. It’s a ‘drop-in’ fuel, meaning it can be integrated into the existing LPG supply chain without requiring additional investment. The production of bioLPG is expected to more than treble between 2020 and 2025, based on announced projects.
LPG is increasingly being recognized as a sustainable bridge fuel towards the decarbonization of the energy mix. It’s the most sustainable fossil fuel and is expected to replace other, more polluting liquid and solid fuels. LPG emits 35% less CO2 than coal and 12% less CO2 than oil. As the energy transition accelerates, LPG is expected to play a major role in sectors such as transport, residential, industrial, and petrochemicals.
Recent reports suggest a positive outlook for the LPG market. FGE’s annual LPG Forecast provides a comprehensive summary and assessment of the global LPG market. The report examines the industry dynamics on a global level and derives an assessment of LPG trade and shipping balances, as well as an outlook on prices, margins, and shipping rates.
Challenges in the LPG Market
- Infrastructure Development: The development of infrastructure is crucial for the growth of the LPG market. This includes storage facilities, transportation networks, and distribution systems. However, the lack of infrastructure for the transportation of piped natural gas has led to an increased reliance on LPG cylinders.
- Market Competition: The LPG market faces stiff competition from other energy sources. The market is moderately fragmented with key players including BP PLC, Exxon Mobil Corporation, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, and Sinopec Corp.
- Regulatory Hurdles: Regulatory changes pose significant challenges to the LPG market. For instance, in Pakistan, new investments and exploration have been challenged by regulatory hurdles, insufficient gas prices, and security risks.
Opportunities in the LPG Market
- Growing Demand: The global LPG market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 1.4% from 2024 to 2032, reaching 387.41 million metric tons by 2032. This growth is driven by the increasing adoption of LPG as a cleaner fuel alternative in various sectors.
- Environmental Benefits: Compared to traditional fossil fuels like coal, LPG offers benefits such as ease of use, portability, and environmental friendliness. This positions LPG as a viable solution in the global push towards cleaner energy sources.
- Pricing Excellence: The LPG sector has felt the weight of inflation, leading to a surge in prices. However, even a modest 5% price adjustment can yield a staggering 50% increase in profitability.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), a low-carbon, energy-efficient fuel, has been gaining significant traction in the global energy market. Its versatility and environmental benefits make it a promising candidate for a sustainable future. Here, we delve deeper into the market dynamics, environmental impact, and future prospects of LPG.
The global LPG market was valued at US $147.5 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at 6.5% annually from 2023 to 2029, reaching nearly US $229.30 billion in 2029. The top importers of LPG in 2022 were China, Japan, and India, while the top exporters were Qatar, Australia, and the United States. LPG’s cost-effectiveness and versatility in various applications, including cooking, heating, air conditioning, and transportation, contribute to its growing demand.
LPG is recognized as a cleaner alternative to traditional fuels. It emits 81% of the CO2 per kWh produced by oil, 70% of that of coal, and less than 50% of that emitted by coal-generated electricity distributed via the grid. LPG’s lower carbon emissions make it a more environmentally friendly option, contributing to efforts to combat climate change.
The global LPG market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 4.91% over the forecast period, reaching a market size of US$153.146 billion in 2026. This growth is driven by factors such as government measures promoting the use of LPG over traditional fuels and increased usage of gas in automobiles. Moreover, the LPG industry is making significant investments to develop indigenous production of renewable fuels.
In recent news, the LPG industry has been affected by geopolitical tensions and economic impacts of the war between Russia and Ukraine. Despite these challenges, the industry continues to evolve, with more shipowners adopting LPG as the fuel solution to future-proof their fleets.
In conclusion, LPG’s role in the global energy landscape is expanding due to its environmental benefits, versatility, and growing demand. As we continue to seek sustainable energy solutions, LPG stands out as a promising candidate for a cleaner and more sustainable future.
Stay tuned for more insights into the fascinating world of LPG and its impact on the energy sector.